HERE I STAND - A LIFE OF MARTIN LUTHER
My conscience is captive to the Word of God. I cannot and I will not recant any thing, for to go against conscience is neither right nor safe. Here I stand.
Because he took his stand, Martin Luther shattered the structure of medieval Catholicism and initiated Protestantism.
This authoritative, dramatic biography of Martin Luther interprets his experience, his work, writings, and lasting contributions. With sound historical scholarship and with keen insight into Luther’s religious problems and values it recreates the spiritual setting of the sixteenth century, shows Luther’s place within it and his influence upon it, and brings the spirit and message of Martin Luther to life today.
Here I Stand is richly illustrated with woodcuts and engravings from Luther’s own time satirical cartoons-, ornamented title pages of tracts and books, including Luther’s Bible; and portraits of the leaders in the political and religious struggle. It is rich also in information and quotation from first-hand sources selected from the whole range of extant sixteenth-century German writings, including some hitherto unused in any studies in English. This is a significant contribution to Protestant faith a vivid, discerning portrayal of the man who, because of unshakable faith in his God, could face his accusers and say: "Here I stand. I cannot do otherwise. God help me."
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
PORTIONS of this book have been delivered as the Nathaniel Taylor lectures at the Yale Divinity School, the Carew Lectures at the Hartford Seminary Foundation, and the Hein Lectures at the Wartburg Seminary and Capital University, as well as at the Bonebrake Theological Seminary, the Gettysburg Theological Seminary, and the Divinity School of Howard University. For many courtesies on the part of these institutions I am indebted.
I also thank the firm of J. C. B. Mohr at Tübingen for permission to reprint as Chapter XXI the article which appeared in the Gerhard Ritter Festschrift, and the Westminster Press for permission to use in condensed form certain portions from my Martin Luther Christmas Book.
Extensive travel and borrowing for this work have not been necessary because the Yale library is so richly supplied and so generous in acquiring new material. Especially to Mr. Babb, Mr. Wing, and Mr. Tinker hearty thanks are tendered by Martin Luther.
CONTENTS
I. THE VOW
AT HOME AND SCHOOL
RELIGIOUS DISQUIET
THE HAVEN OF THE COWL
II. THE CLOISTER
THE TERROR OF THE HOLY
THE WAY OF SELF-HELP
THE MERITS OF THE SAINTS
THE TRIP TO ROME
III. THE GOSPEL
THE FAILURE OF CONFESSION
THE MYSTIC LADDER
THE EVANGELICAL EXPERIENCE
IV. THE ONSLAUGHT
THE INDULGENCE FOR ST. PETER'S
THE NINETY-FIVE THESES
V. THE SON OF INIQUITY
THE DOMINICAN ASSAULT
THE CASE TRANSFERRED TO GERMANY
THE INTERVIEWS WITH CAJETAN
THREATENING EXILE
VI. THE SAXON HUS
THE GAUNTLET OF ECK
THE LEIPZIG DEBATE
THE ENDORSEMENT OF HUS
VII. THE GERMAN HERCULES
THE HUMANISTS: ERASMUS
MELANCHTHON AND DÜRER
THE NATIONALISTS: HUTTEN AND SICKINGEN
VIII. THE WILD BOAR IN THE VINEYARD
THE SACRAMENTS AND THE THEORY OF THE CHURCH
PROSECUTION RESUMED
THE BULL "EXSURGE"
THE BULL SEEKS LUTHER
IX. THE APPEAL TO CAESAR
PUBLICATION OF THE BULL
AGAINST THE EXECRABLE BULL OF ANTICHRIST
THE FREEDOM OF THE CHRISTIAN MAN
X. HERE I STAND
A HEARING PROMISED AND RECALLED
THE EMPEROR ASSUMES RESPONSIBILITY
INVITATION TO LUTHER RENEWED
LUTHER BEFORE THE DIET
THE EDICT OF WORMS
XI. MY PATMOS
AT THE WARTBURG
THE REFORMATION AT WITTENBERG: MONASTICISM
THE MASS
THE OUTBREAK OF VIOLENCE
XII. THE RETURN OF THE EXILE
TURMOIL
THE INVITATION TO COME BACK
THE RETURN TO WITTENBERG
XIII. No OTHER FOUNDATION
NATURE, HISTORY, AND PHILOSOPHY
CHRIST THE SOLE REVEALER
THE WORD AND THE SACRAMENTS
THE MENACE TO MORALS
THE GROUND OF GOODNESS
XIV. REBUILDING THE WALLS
THE CALLINGS
ECONOMICS
POLITICS
CHURCH AND STATE
XV. THE MIDDLE WAY
HOSTILITY OF THE REFORMED PAPACY
RECOIL OF THE MODERATE CATHOLICS: ERASMUS
DEFECTION OF THE PURITANS: CARLSTADT
THE REVOLUTIONARY SAINTS: MÜNTZER
BANISHMENT OF THE AGITATORS
XVI. BEHEMOTH, LEVIATHAN, AND THE GREAT WATERS
RIVALS: ZWINGLI AND THE ANABAPTISTS
RELIGION AND SOCIAL UNREST
LUTHER AND THE PEASANTS
MüNTZER FOMENTS REBELLION
THE DEBACLE AND THE EFFECT ON THE REFORMATION
XVII. THE SCHOOL FOR CHARACTER
KATHERINE VON BORA
DOMESTICITY
CHILDREN AND TABLE TALK
VIEWS OF MARRIAGE
CONSOLATIONS OF HOME
XVIII. THE CHURCH TERRITORIAL
DISSEMINATION OF THE REFORM
PRACTICAL CHURCH PROBLEMS
THE GODLY PRINCE THE PROTEST
PROTESTANT ALLIANCE: THE MARBURG COLLOQUY
THE AUGSBURG CONFESSION
XIX. THE CHURCH TUTORIAL
THE BIBLE TRANSLATION
DOCTRINAL PROBLEMS IN TRANSLATION
CATECHISMS
LITURGY
MUSIC
HYMNBOOK
XX. THE CHURCH MINISTERIAL
PREACHING
SERMON ON THE NATIVITY
EXPOSITION OF JONAH
PRAYER
XXI. THE STRUGGLE FOR FAITH
LUTHER'S PERSISTENT STRUGGLE
HIS DEPRESSIONS
THE WAY OF INDIRECTION
WRESTLING WITH THE ANGEL
THE ROCK OF SCRIPTURE
XXII. THE MEASURE OF THE MAN
THE BIGAMY OF THE LANDGRAVE
ATTITUDE TO THE ANABAPTISTS
ATTITUDE TO THE JEWS
THE PAPISTS AND THE EMPEROR
THE MEASURE OF THE MAN
BIBLIOGRAPHY
REFERENCES
SOURCES OF ILLUSTRATIONS
INDEX
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Woodcuts of School Scenes of Luther's Day
A Student Wearing the Donkey Mask
Hans and Margaretta Luther by Cranach
Fiends Tempting a Dying Man to Abandon Hope
Christ the Judge Sitting upon the Rainbow
View of the City of Erfurt
Sixteenth-Century Monks in a Choir
The Augustinian Cloister Luther Entered as a Monk
Celebrating the Mass in Luther's Time
Illustration from Luther's Bible of 1522
Monks of the Sixteenth Century 46-49
Wittenberg in 1627
Illustrated Title Page of Luther's Bible of 1541
Cranach's "Frederick the Wise Adoring the Virgin and Child"
A Holbein Cartoon Showing True and False Repentance
Portrait of Albert of Brandenburg
Cartoon Showing the Hawking of Indulgences
The Vendor and His Indulgences
The Castle Church at Wittenberg
Cartoon Showing Forgiveness of Christ Outweighing
Indulgences from the Pope
Spalatin and the Crucified Christ
1556 Woodcut of Luther's Interview with Cajetan
The Pope as an Ass Playing Bagpipes
Reversible Cartoon of Cardinal and Fool
Portrait of Philip Melanchthon by Aldegrever
Portrait of John Eck
Fifteenth-Century Cartoon of Antichrist
Woodcut of the Leipzig Debate by a Contemporary
Luther and Hus Administer the Bread and Wine to the House of Saxony
Luther Depicted as the German Hercules by Holbein
Dürer's "Melancolia" facing
Luther and Hutten as Companions in Arms
Cartoon Showing Luther and Hutten Bowling Against the Pope
The Ebernburg
Title Page of the Bull Against Luther
Title Page of Luther's Address to the German Nobility 153
"The Passion of Christ and Antichrist"
Title Page of Hutten's Protest Against the Burning of Luther's
Books at Mainz
Luther Burning the Papal Bull
Title Page of Hutten's Satire on the Bull Against Luther
The Diet of Worms and the Public Peace
Portrait of Aleander
Luther with a Dove Above His Head
Luther's First Hearing at Worms
Luther's Second Hearing at Worms
The Wartburg
Luther as Junker George at the Wartburg
Luther as the Evangelist Matthew Translating the Scriptures
Marriage of Bishops, Monks, and Nuns
A Cartoon Against the Image Breakers
Portrait of Frederick the Wise
Portrait of Luther
Title Page of Luther's Tract On the Freedom of the Christian Man
Rebuilding the Walls of Jerusalem
A Father of a Household at Work
From the Title Page of Luther's Tract On Usury
Frederick the Wise and Luther Kneeling Before the Crucified Christ
Portrait of Duke George
Portrait of Thomas Müntzer
Peasants Swearing Allegiance to the Bund
A Prophecy of Convulsion in 1524
Peasants Plundering a Cloister
Peasants About to Take Over a Cloister
Title Page of Luther's Tract Against the Murderous and Thieving Hordes of Peasants
Surrender of the Upper Swabian Peasants
Luther Instructs the Peasants
Luther in Armor Prepares to Put on the Peasants' Boot
A Peasant Taxes Luther as Double-Tongued
A Wedding Party in Front of the Church
Katherine and Martin in the Year of Their Marriage
The Luther Household at Table
Cartoon of 1529 Showing Luther as a Seven-Headed Monster
Christ Disarms the Pope
Luther and Lucifer in League
The Devil Delivers a Declaration of War to Luther
The Signatures at the Marlburg Colloquy
Cranach's "Jacob Wrestling with the Angel"
Lemberger's "Jacob Wrestling with the Angel"
The Whore of Babylon in Three Editions of Luther's Biblel
Four Cuts Illustrating the Catechism
Sample of Luther's Hymnbook
Songs Praising Luther and Melanchthon
Evangelical and Catholic Services Contrasted
Illustration of the Nativity from Luther's Bible
Martyrdom of Heinrich of Zuetphen
Devil and Death Harass a Soul in an Unfinished Cranach Drawing
Luther from the Copper Plate by Daniel Hopfer (1523)
"A Mighty Fortress" in Luther's Hand
"The Anabaptist Preacher" Adapted from the Title Page of Hosea in Luther's Bible
The Lower Magistrate: John Frederick, Elector of Saxony
Luther in the Year of His Death
CHRONOLOGY
1483 November 10 Birth of Martin Luther at Eisleben
1484 early summer Family moved to Mansfeld
1497 about Easter Luther goes to school at Magdeburg
1498 Luther goes to school at Eisenach
1501 May Matriculation at Erfurt
1502 September 29 Bachelor of Arts
1505 January 7 Master of Arts
July 2 Thunderstorm and vow
July 17 Enters Augustinian cloister at Erfurt
1507 May 2 First mass
1508 winter Teaches one semester at Wittenberg
1509 October Return to Erfurt
1510 November Journey to Rome
1511 early April Return to Erfurt; transfer to Wittenberg
1512 October 19 Doctor of Theology
1513 August 16 Lectures on Psalms begin
1515 April Lectures on Romans begin
1516 September 7 Lectures on Romans end
October 27 Lectures on Galatians begin
1517 October 31 Posting the ninety-five theses
1518 April 26 Disputation at Heidelberg
July Prierias attacks Luther
August 5 Maximilian writes to the pope
August 7 The pope cites Luther to Rome
August 8 Luther appeals to Frederick
August 25 Melanchthon arrives
August 31 Luther's reply to Prierias
September 26 Luther starts for Augsburg
October 12-14 Interview with Cajetan
October 20-21 Flight from Augsburg
October 30 Back in Wittenberg
November 8 The bull Cum Postquam
November 28 Luther appeals to a general council
December 2 Ready to go into exile
December 18 Frederick will not banish Luther
1519 January 4-6 Interview of Luther with Miltitz
January 12 Death of Emperor Maximilian
June 28 Election of Charles V
July 4-14 Leipzig debate between Luther and Eck
1520 January Hutten and Sickingen offer Luther help
May Sermon on Good Works
June 11 Offer of protection from one hundred knights;
The Papacy at Rome
June 15 Exsurge Domne gives Luther sixty days to submit
August Address to the German Nobility
October 6 Babylonian Captivity
1520 October 10 Luther receives the pope's bull
November 4 Charles at Cologne promises a hearing
November 12 Burning of Luther's books at Cologne
November Against the Execrable Bull of Antichrist;
On the Freedom of the Christian Man
November 28 Luther invited to Worms
December 10 Burning by Luther of the pope's bull
December 17 Invitation to Worms rescinded
1521 January 3 The bull Decet Romanum Pontificum against Luther is ready
January 5 Frederick arrives at Worms
January 27 The diet of Worms opens
February 10 The bull against Luther reaches Aleander
February 13 Aleander's three-hour speech; the bull is sent back
February 14 Glapion's attempts at mediation
February 17 Draft of an edict against Luther
February 19 Intense opposition
February 22 Decision to summon Luther
March 2 Second draft of an edict
March 6 Invitation to Luther
March 8 Edict for sequestration of Luther's books ready
March 26 Edict issued
April 10 Glapion reports failure of mission to Hutten and Sickingen
April 16 Luther in Worms
April 17 First hearing
April 18 Second hearing
April 19 The emperor announces his decision
April 20 Diet requests a committee
April 23-24 Hearings before the committee
April 26 Luther leaves Worms
May 4 Luther arrives at the Wartburg
May 8 Edict of Worms ready
May 26 Edict of Worms actually issued
September 22 Melanchthon celebrates an evangelical Lord's Supper
November 12 Thirteen monks leave the Augustinian cloister
December 3-4 Tumult at Wittenberg; Luther's flying trip home and return
December Commencement of the New Testament translation; work on the Sermon Postils
December 25 Carlstadt gives wine in the mass to laity
December 27 Zwickau prophets in Wittenberg
1522 January 6 Disbanding of the Augustinian Congregation at Wittenberg February 26 Justus Jonas, minister of the Castle Church at Wittenberg marries
March 1-6 Luther’s return to Wittenberg
Sept.-May, 1523 Sickingen’s campaign against Trier
September Luther’s German New Testament published
September 14 Hadrian VI elected pope
1523 March 6 Edict of the Diet of Nürnberg deferring action
March On Civil Government
Pentecost On the Order of Worship
July 1 Burning of the first martyrs of the Reformation at Brussels
August 23 Death of Hutten
September Clement VII elected pope
1524 Hymnbook
January- February To the Councilman . . . Christian Schools
April 18 Edict of the second diet of Nürnberg
September Erasmus, On the Freedom of the Will
1525 January Against the Heavenly Prophets
March Twelve articles of the peasants
April 19 Admonition to Peace
May 5 Death of Frederick the Wise
May 5 Against the Robbing and Murdering Horde
May 15 Battle of Frankenhausen; capture of Müntzer
May-June Crushing of the peasants
June 13 Luther's betrothal to Katherine von Bora
July Open Letter Concerning the Hard Book Against the Peasants
before Christmas The German Mass
December On the Enslaved Will
1526 June 25- August 27 Diet of Speyer defers action on the Edict of Worms
Exposition of Jonah
1527 January Whether Soldiers Too May Be Saved
April Whether These Words: This Is My Body
summer Sickness, intense depression
Composition of "A Mighty Fortress"
1528 March 22 Instruction for the Visitors
March 28 Confession of the Lord's Supper
April 19 Protest at the Diet of Speyer
October 1-4 Marburg Colloquy; German catechism
April 16 Luther at the Coburg
June 25 Presentation of the Augsburg Confession
Exposition of the Eighty-Second Psalm
(Death penalty for sedition and blasphemy)
1531 Warning to His Beloved Germans
1534 Publication of the complete German Bible
1536 Wittenberg Concord with the Swiss
Outbreak of Anabaptists at Münster
Melanchthon's memorandum on the death penalty for peaceful Anabaptists
1539 Bigamy of the Landgrave Philip
1543 January 4 Against the Jews
July Publication of the Genesis Commentary (lectures delivered from 1535-1545)
1545 March 25 Against the Papacy at Rome Founded by the Devil
1546 February 18 Luther's death at Eisleben

000 Here I stand Titelseite

RA 022 Luther Martin

RA 047 Luther und seine Gattin

001 Widmung

HERE I STAND, AND WHEN I SAW HIM; I FELL AT HIS FEET AS DEAD

HERE I STAND, CHRIST THE JUDGE SITTING UPON THE RAINBOW

RA 012 Waldus Peter

RA 014 Wiclif John (1320-1384)

RA 016 Hus Jan

RA 018 Savonarola

HERE I STAND, ERFURT

HERE I STAND, FREDERICK THE WISE ADORING THE VIRGIN AND CHILD

HERE I STAND, HAWKING INDULGENCES

MA 000 Tafeln im Schloss

RA 024 Melanchthon Philipp

RA 026 Spalatin

RA 028 Jonas Justus

RA 030 Bugenhagen Johannes

RA 031 1 Brenz Johannnes

RA 033 Myconius Friedrich

HERE I STAND, LUTHERS BIBLE

HERE I STAND, THE MASS

HERE I STAND, WITTENBERG IN 1627

RA 035 Cruziger Caspar

RA 037 Mathesius Johann

RA 039 Dietrich Veit

RA 041 Camerarius Joachim

RA 043 Eber Paul

RA 045 Moerlin Joachim Dr.

RA 051 Kaiser Maximilian I

RA 053 Kaiser Karl V

RA 055 Kurfürst Friedrich III. v. Sachsen

RA 057 Kurfuerst Johann der Bestaendige

RA 058 Johann Friedrich der Grossmuetige

RA 060 Philipp I., Landgraf von Hessen

RA 062 Wolfgang, Fuerst zu Anhalt

RA 064 Georg, Markgraf von Brandenburg

RA 066 Kanzler Gregor v. Brueck

RA 068 Georg von Frundsberg

RA 070 Spengler Lazarus

RA 072 Sachs Hans